Classicism refers to art, architecture and literature produced during ancient Greece and Rome. The term classic, or classical, first appeared in the 17th century. Classicism also refers to an architectural style composed of proportion, symmetry and repetition.
Neoclassicism came later as a renewed interest in the classicism movement actively drawing inspiration from these classical styles and revived classical forms and aesthetics during the 18th century in Europe. After the fall of the Roman Empire, artists imitated elements from antiquity’s artwork and architecture.
The most prominent period of ancient art was during the Archaic Period, circa 625-500 B.C.
This period was shaped by a shift towards naturalistic depictions of the human form, heavily influenced by Egypt and the Near East. Red-figure and black-figure styles appeared and flourished during the Archaic period. Pottery thrived.
The Ancient Greeks focused on epic historical pasts presented through imagery and poems such as the Iliad and the Odyssey.
The Parthenon, a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis in Greece, is considered one of the highest achievements of classical Greek art. Sculptures also became more intricate and idealistic–frequently idolizing athletes, gods and heroes.
Classical architecture flourished during this period as well. The Doric order, a style of architecture characterized by simple sturdy columns and capitals, remained a favorite. The Ionic order was often used for smaller temples and interiors.
Roman classicism also played a significant role in shaping art and architecture. While Roman artists drew inspiration from Ancient Greece, they also borrowed from the Etruscans and adapted these influences into their own style.
Roman architecture utilized Greek orders while adding Tuscan and Composite elements for both decoration and function. Roman sculptures were diverse, capturing prominent figures with a striking sense of realism detailng every wrinkle, fault and line.
An example of Roman classicism is the statue of Augustus from Prima Porta. This intricately crafted marble statue, discovered in 1863 in the Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, was commissioned by Augustus’s third wife, Livia Drusilla.
Augustus stands in a commanding pose, leading the viewer’s eye. The statue features detailed carvings of Greek gods and inspirations, symbolizing Augustus’s connection to divine favor. The carvings also reference an international diplomatic victory in 20 B.C.
Beneath Apollo and Diana is Tellus, the earth goddess, carrying two babies and holding a cornucopia. This symbolizes the Pax Romana, highlighting fertility and prosperity.
The statue includes additional symbolism with a cupid and a dolphin. The dolphin represents Augustus’s naval victory over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C., a decisive event which secured his rise to power.
Cupid, the son of Venus, serves as a reminder of Augustus’s claimed divine lineage as a descendant of the goddess of love.
Classicism, through its evolution and revival in neoclassicism, demonstrates the enduring legacy of ancient Greek and Roman art and architecture. These works continue to captivate audiences with their timeless aesthetics and profound symbolism, showcasing the cultural and historical achievements of antiquity.
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